EPIDERMIS

(Outermost layer)

The epidermis is the thin, protective outer layer of the skin. It acts as a barrier against the environment.

What it contains:

- Keratinocytes: cells that produce keratin, a protective protein.

- Melanocytes: cells that produce melanin, which gives skin its color and helps protect against UV radiation.

- Langerhans cells: immune cells that help detect foreign substances.

- Merkel cells: cells involved in light-touch sensation.

Important facts:

- It does not contain blood vessels.

- New skin cells form in its deepest layer and move toward the surface.

- The outermost cells gradually shed.

The epidermis has five sublayers

The epidermis itself has distinct layers. From the deepest to the most superficial, they are:

1

Stratum basale (basal layer)

The deepest epidermal layer. It produces new keratinocytes. Melanocytes and Merkel cells are also found here.

2

Stratum spinosum (prickle-cell layer)

Provides strength and structural support. Keratinocytes connect through structures called desmosomes.

3

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Cells begin to break down their internal structures and form a waterproof protective barrier.

4

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

A thin, clear layer found in thick skin, especially the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is absent in most ordinary thin skin.

5

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

The outermost layer. It consists of dead, flattened, keratin-filled cells that protect the body and help prevent water loss.